Rosetta Comet Lander.

The ESA Rosetta Comet landing with its Philae lander has been a partial success. 
As for the secrets of the Rosetta Probe. They will have all become frozen in time. Where did it all fail? Life on this comet is as unique and for the solar instrument drill sampler that has detected it. Nearly excluded because of its weight to power ratio. As instruments have declared comet life a new phenom, it could have been more like JAXA Hayabusa. Did its plan fell short of a vision? well it mission met all of its objectives. So did its field of study which is still sketchy. Instead of looking towards the mission as a plan. A simulator may have given the mission a longer life as to study its goals. We may debate over its findings, as a fresh vision this is disclosed, one will have to wait along for new possibilities. Technologies from nasa could have reaped a voyager full of history. A battery could have been built to sustain these two probes. A small rover may have been deployed instead of a harpoon. Japan has the advantage in this technology with there probes. As they take samples to measure all of these changes and bring back to Earth. The probe crash-landed onto the comet and skipped under a cliff. Where its edge becomes a new frozen part of 67P. On Friday 30 September, 2014 the lander used a heavy harpoon, instead of a lunar suction cup. Their are only a few images to share?

These two comets became clear fused by there own haze cloud of particles. In 2016 the probe is nearly half a billion km from the Sun. This means the amount of light falling on Rosetta's solar panels is gradually diminishing; and, as a consequence, it has less power day by day to run its instruments and subsystems. Engineers would soon have to put the satellite into hibernation mode if they wanted to use it long term - during 67P's next encounter with the Sun in a few years' time. Already spent 12 years in space, battling huge temperature swings and damaging radiation, not to mention a much-reduced fuel load - there is little confidence Rosetta will still be operable so far into the future another attempt to find any clue as to early formation of our galaxy. The crash-landing on the other hand offers the opportunity to get some very close-in science to complement the more distant remote sensing. It has been doing with its controllers. Probe will try to maintain contact with the satellite for as long as possible during the descent. This may depend on how well Rosetta copes with the dusty environment around the comet.

Recent months have seen several occasions when the probe's navigation equipment, which tracks the stars to define a position in space, has got confused in the maelstrom of particles emanating from 67P's surface. The Rosetta spacecraft arrived at the comet in August 2014 the European Space Agency has confirmed. The manoeuvre, which is expected to destroy the satellite, will bring to an end two years of investigations at the 4km-wide icy dirt-ball. Flight controllers plan to have the cameras taking and relaying pictures during the final descent. Sensors that "sniff" the chemical environment will also be switched on. All other instruments will likely be off.Flight dynamics experts have still to work out the fine details, but Rosetta will be put into a tight ellipse around the comet and commanded to drop its periapsis (lowest pass) progressively. A final burn will then put the satellite on a collision course with the duck-shaped object. Mission managers have previously talked about bringing Rosetta down in a place dubbed "Agilkia" - the location originally chosen to land its surface robot, Philae, in November 2014. In the event, Philae bounced a kilometre away, but Agilkia's relatively flat terrain is an attractive option still, although other targets are being studied.

Controllers may aim again for "Agilkia", which is on the "head" of the duck-shaped comet. Having swept around the Sun last August, Comet 67P is currently on a trajectory that is taking it away from the inner Solar System towards the orbit of Jupiter. This has tripped the satellite into a "safe mode" that shuts down all non-essential operations, including instrument observations. Rosetta will need to be commanded not to do this in the minutes before impact. Crash-landing has become a common way to end the missions of planetary probes. Most have been very high-velocity impacts, but a few, like the one Rosetta will attempt, have been walking-pace touchdowns. In 2001, the US space agency's Near Shoemaker probe put down on the asteroid Eros so gently that it continued to work for a further two weeks at the surface before engineers eventually determined to terminate communications. 

Origins of life that live on comets are born from a bombardment of comets carrying these organic compounds. What’s an organic compound? Methane with four hydrogen atoms connected to a single carbon atom – is one of the simplest organic compounds  is an organic compound is any compound that contains a carbon chain or backbone. They’re typically more complex than inorganic molecules, and they’re often found in living creatures. There also are a large number of organic compounds that have nothing to do with living things this party is what we need to clarify. 

If you’re thinking this explanation doesn’t actually clarify much. You may see the dilemma in clear terms. There are a huge range of organic compounds depending partly on what kind of carbon chains you define as “organic” and how simple or complicated you want to make these. As inorganic/organic distinction. The atmosphere on 67P is extremely thin, so it’s possible that what the Philae lander detected was the result of out gassing. This is away from a star like a soup that excels as it collects particles it forms a debris “what growth formations have formed”  and does this mean as the compounds from the probe are picked up. It might tell us something about the interior of the comet.

It was tought that philae probe would crash off the spinning object this was not the case with Rosetta, however. Controllers are expected to program to remain an auto shutoff, which will be triggered at the moment the satellite hits 67P in the near future. 
Even if by chance an antenna were to survive the crush, Rosetta will not be calling home with much data when this happens. Comet 67P - "Space duck" in numbers A full rotation of the body takes just over 12.4 hours.The axis of rotation runs through the "neck" region. Its larger lobe ("body") is about 4.1 × 3.3 × 1.8 km. The smaller lobe ("head") is about 2.6 × 2.3 × 1.8 km. Gravity measurements give a mass of 10 billion tonnes. Mapping estimates the volume to be about 21.4 cubic km. It is a first step in a new beginning towards understanding our solar system.

Dark Planet (9)

New evidence suggests a ninth planet lurking at the edge of the solar system. Astronomers at the California Institute of Technology announced 22-1-2016 that they have found new evidence of a giant icy planet is lurking in the darkness of our solar system far beyond the orbit of Pluto. They are calling it "Planet Nine." As their paper, gets published in the Astronomical Journal. It describes the planet as about five to 10 times more massive as the Earth. But the authors, astronomers Michael Brown and Konstantin Batygin, have not observed the planet directly. Instead, they have inferred its existence, from the motion of recently discovered dwarf planets and other small objects in the outer solar system. Those smaller bodies have orbits that appear to be influenced by the gravity of a hidden planet – a "massive perturber." The astronomers suggest it might have been flung into deep space long ago by the gravitational force of Jupiter or Saturn.

As telescopes on at least two continents are searching for the object, which on average is 20 times farther away than the eighth planet, Neptune. If "Planet Nine" exists, it's big. Its estimated mass would make it about two to four times the diameter of the Earth, distinguishing it as the fifth-largest planet after Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. But at such extreme distances, it would reflect so little sunlight that it could evade even the most powerful telescopes. Confirmation of its existence would reconfigure the models of the solar system. Pluto, discovered in 1930, spent three-quarters of a century as the iconic ninth planet. Then, a decade ago, Pluto received a controversial demotion, in large part because of Brown. His observations of the outer solar system identified many small worlds there – some close to the size of Pluto –and prompted the International Astronomical Union to reconsider the definition of a planet. The IAU voted to change Pluto's classification to "dwarf planet," a decision mocked repeatedly last summer when NASA's New Horizons probe flew past Pluto and revealed a world with an atmosphere, weather and a volatile and dynamically reworked surface. 

Brown, who tweets under the handle @plutokiller and who wrote the book "How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming," said now may be the time to rewrite the textbooks yet again. "My daughter, she's still kind of mad about Pluto being demoted, even though she was barely born at that time," Brown said. "She suggested a few years ago that she'd forgive me if I found a new planet. So I guess I've been working on this for her. " impression of Planet Nine, which could sit at the edge of our solar system. Brown and Batygin initially set out to prove that Planet Nine didn't exist. Their paper builds on earlier research by two other astronomers that revealed a peculiar clustering of the small, icy objects discovered in the past decade or so in the remote regions of the solar system. photo Pluto with its moon charon. 

In 2014, Scott Sheppard of the Washington-based Carnegie Institution of Science and Chad Trujillo of the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii published a paper in the journal Nature that discussed the potential existence of a giant planet affecting the orbits of those dwarf worlds. Sheppard and Trujillo noted a similarity in the motion of those bodies when they are closest to the sun. "We thought their idea was crazy," Brown said, explaining that extra planets are always the "go-to suggestion" when astronomers find orbital behavior they can't explain. But he and Batygin struggled to debunk that hypothetical ninth planet. They used mathematical equations and then computer models, ultimately concluding that the best explanation for the smaller objects' clustering was the gravitational effects of something far bigger.

Such clustering is similar to what's seen in some asteroids that are about as close to the sun as the Earth. They wind up in stable orbits that keep them far from Earth and free from any significant disturbance by the Earth's gravity. "Until then, we didn't really believe our results ourselves. It just didn't make sense to us," Brown said. But their modeling showed that a planet with 10 times the mass of Earth would exert an influence over the orbits of the smaller bodies and keep them from coming as close to the sun as they should. It would also slowly twist these orbits by 90 degrees, making them periodically perpendicular to the plane of the solar system. "In the back of my head, I had this nagging memory that someone had found some of these modulating objects and not known what to make of them," Brown said. "and sure enough, these objects do exist. Then they were exactly where our theory predicts they should be." rendered image of moon Charon much more interesting than this.

That's when the Caltech researchers started to take Planet Nine seriously. "That was the real jaw-dropping moment, when it went from a cute little idea to something that might be for real," he said.

Sheppard, who co-awrote the paper that Brown and Batygin set out to disprove, says the existence of a hidden planet is still a big unknown. "Until we actually see it for real, it will always be questionable as to whether it exists," he said, cautioning that the latest calculations are based on a relatively small number of known objects and that further observations and detections of perturbed bodies would bolster the hypothesis. Still, Sheppard significantly upped the odds of discovery – from 40 percent before to 60 percent now. “Some people took it seriously, but a lot of people didn’t," he said of his own study's findings. "With this new work, it’s much more rigorous, and people will take it more seriously now.”

From the Côte d'Azur Observatory in Nice, France, planetary scientist Alessandro Morbidelli agreed that the evidence was stronger this time. "I immediately felt that this paper, for the first time, was providing convincing evidence for a new planet in the solar system," said Morbidelli, an expert in these kinds of orbital movements who was not involved in either study. "I don't see any alternative explanation to that offered by Batygin and Brown." "We will find it one day," he added. "The question is when." The past two decades have seen a burst of discoveries as astronomers have scrutinized the light of distant stars and looked for signs of orbiting planets. More than a thousand such planets have been detected through analysis of starlight that has traveled across the vast interstellar distances. Brown and Batygin, however, have been searching closer to home, looking for objects that orbit the sun and remain unseen only because the outer regions of the solar system are exceedingly dark.

The thought of a hidden planet larger than Earth is intriguing, but for now it's difficult to say too much about the hypothetical conditions there. Brown believes it's probably an icy, rocky world with a small envelope of gas – a planet that could have been the core of a gas giant had it not been ejected into a wonky, highly elliptical orbit. It might not make its closest approach of the sun more than once every 10,000 years, and even then it would remain far beyond the known planets. The situation mimics what happened in the 19th century when careful observation of the seventh planet, Uranus, indicated that there must be another body in far-distant space influencing its orbit. That work led eventually to the discovery of Neptune. It would be difficult to see the ninth planet if it's not at or near its closest approach to the sun. Brown doesn't believe the object is at that point, saying it would have been spotted by now. But he does think that the most powerful telescopes on the planet, if pointed in precisely the right direction, might be able to detect it even when it is most distant from the sun.

"We've been looking for it for a while now, but the sky is pretty big," Brown said. "We know its path, but not where it is on that path." He and Batygin hope their paper's publication will infuse the search with new energy. "If other people – better astronomers – get excited about the idea of finding Planet Nine, we could hopefully see it within a couple of years," he said. The two know they may not get credit for that discovery. Until the planet is spotted directly with a telescope, any work surrounding it is theoretical. Brown, Batygin and other scientists who have made the case for Planet Nine's existence are providing treasure maps and clues – but someone else could very well strike gold before they do. If and when it's spotted, Planet Nine would be evaluated by the same criteria that got Pluto demoted. Brown isn't concerned about that.

"That's not even a question -- it's definitely a planet," he said. One of the trickiest criterion for planet status, based on the standards set by the International Astronomical Union, is that a planet must "clear the neighborhood" around its orbital zone. It needs to have the gravitational prowess to change the orbits of other objects. "Planet Nine is forcing any objects that cross its orbit to push into these misaligned positions. It fits that concept perfectly," Brown said. The "Pluto killer" added: "Not to mention the fact that it's 5,000 times the mass of Pluto." Q&A: The ‘Pluto Killer’ who thinks he’s found the true ninth planet.Flashback to 2004: Mike Brown discovers "Sedn" This is what it looks like when a black hole tears a star apart. This broken space telescope keeps spotting new planets. Why NASA’s top scientist is sure that we’ll find signs of alien life in the next decade and everyone else is sure that thay wont and what is our perception of life?

Probing For Habitats.

A new space probe will look for extra-terrestrial existence on the icy moons of Jupiter.
As the European Space Agency announced it has joined forces with Airbus to develop a new space probe to look for extra-terrestrial existence on the icy moons of Jupiter. It will launch in 2022 and head for the ocean-bearing worlds of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Dubbed the Juice (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) spacecraft, the mission will look at whether the frozen worlds which surround gas giants could support extra-terrestrial life. Can there be Life in the Environment of Jupiter? This is a drawing of the Galileo probe exploring the environment of Jupiter. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jupiter's atmospheric environment is one of strong gravity, high pressure, strong winds, from 225 miles per hour to 1000 miles per hour, and cold temperatures of -270 degrees to +32 degrees (freezing temperature). These winds make it hard for life forms to have "peace and quiet".

The region where it is 32 degrees sounds OK, but where the temperature is 32 degrees, the pressure is about the same as it would be if you were a couple miles below the sea on Earth. This region is probably within Jupiter's liquid region. The air of Jupiter is definitely a region that is well below freezing temperatures. In the atmosphere there are at least three known cloud decks of ammonia, ammonia-combined-with-sulfur, and water, perhaps even made of huge droplets. There is energy in the environment from lightning, ultraviolet light, and charged particles. Jupiter's interior possesses an environment of pressures as great as three million times the sea-level pressure on earth, and temperatures as high as 10,000 degrees. Overall, this environment sounds very unfriendly to life as we know it on earth.

The hunt for alien life on Jupiter begins European Space Agency joins forces with Airbus to develop new space probe to look for extra-terrestrial existence. In the past year humanity has landed on a comet, ventured to Pluto and discovered another planet which is so like our own it has been dubbed Earth 2.0. But in the coming decades, space exploration is moving beyond charting the Solar System and will seriously start hunting for alien life. Carina Nebula, a region of massive star formation in the southern skies (ESO/T. So far missions like Nasa’s Kepler have focussed on hunting for rocky planets like Earth, believing that they would be the best candidates for life. But the first images beamed back from Pluto by the New Horizons spacecraft earlier this month suggest that icy outer planets and frozen moons could be geologically active and hold liquid water.

It is hoped that micro-organisms or even fish-like creatures may be present in deep-water hydrothermal vents known as 'black smokers' which are known to harbour life on Earth. Dr Daniel Brown, an astronomy expert from Nottingham Trent University, said: "All our current exciting and fascinating space missions have been dealing with either understanding the origins of life and our Solar System or finding exoplanets that might host Earth-like planets. "But, life doesn’t have to exist on planets like Earth, it could also have developed in oceans within icy moons around Jupiter like gas giants. "Juice will be exploring the three Galilean moons of Jupiter thought to harbour oceans under their surface. It will give us a much better understanding what lies beneath the icy crust and how it could offer an environment for life to develop." The probe will be launched on an Ariane 5 rocket and spend seven and half years sling-shooting around Earth, Mars and Venus to pick up enough speed to get to the Jupiter system with as little fuel as possible.

Earth 2014 was world's hottest year on record. For three and a half years, the spacecraft will sweep around the giant planet, exploring its turbulent atmosphere, enormous magnetosphere, and tenuous set of dark rings, as well as studying the icy moons, Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto. All three of the planet-sized satellites are thought to have oceans of liquid water beneath their crusts and could provide key clues on the potential for such bodies to harbour habitable environments. The probe will start with Callisto before making two flybys of Europa, where it will study the icy surface. Dr Brown added: "At the moment we think Europa might be the most likely location to find life. Hopefully we would be able to pick up biomarkers on the surface where cracks on the ice mantle have allowed water from the internal ocean to appear.

"The life forms would then need to survive without any light under high pressure environments. Current research has indicated that there might be more oxygen present than initially expected, so it could not only support microorganisms but possibly fishlike creatures.” The mission will culminate in a dedicated, eight-month tour around Ganymede, the first time any icy moon has been orbited by a spacecraft. And Ganymede is the only moon in the Solar System known to generate its own magnetic field so scientists are keen to work out how that is being achieved. “Juice will address the question: are there current habitats outside Earth in the Solar System with the necessary conditions to sustain life?” said François Auque, Head of Space Systems at Airbus. “After the Sun, Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Titan… and even a comet, our engineers’ next challenge is to build this sophisticated spacecraft to explore the Jupiter system.”

Russia also plans a mission soon, except to land on Jupiter's Moon Ganymede. This is larger than Earth's moon with more details soon.
The ESA spacecraft will carry 10 instruments covering a wide range of measurements techniques (optical, sub-millimetre, radar, magnetic electric, plasma and particle sensors). Weighing five and a half tonnes, Juice will be powered by a large 97 m² solar generator, the largest ever sent into space. “Jupiter and its icy moons constitute a kind of mini-Solar System in their own right, offering European scientists and our international partners the chance to learn more about the formation of potentially habitable worlds around other stars," added Dmitrij Titov, ESA's Juicd Study Scientist. As Nasa and the warp drive Five of the most ingenious van decorations

First Orbiting British Astronaut.

Tim Peake 15-12-2015 became the first British Astronaut to live in space. It was a tense moment as the Soyuz floated past the station twice. Commander Malenchenko confirmed he had been forced to switch to manual control. 

After two unsuccessful attempts, mission control said it had lost contact with the craft. On Dec 2015 British astronaut arrives at ISS in Russian Soyuz rocket after Commander Yuri Malenchenko was forced to take control manually - follow the latest updates here Tim Peake propelled safely into orbit after Kazakhstan launch by Briton's Soyuz craft arrives at International Space Station at 5.34pm GMT.  Tense docking in which Yuri Malenchenko took control manually  8 tests Major Peake will undergo in space. In pics: Major Peake's space launch. 18.15 As Major Tim Peake prepares to enter International Space Station as the crew make final checks. Major Tim Peake was this afternoon preparing to become the first Briton to set foot in the International Space Station, following a six hour flight from Earth which ended in a tense docking. The crew were making final checks and will soon be opening the hatch, where they will be welcomed be current station astronauts.

The Soyuz safely docked at the International Space Station ESA 17:45 Commander Yuri Malenchenko forced to take manual control after Soyuz plotted bad approach. The world independent observer, Roland Oliphant was in Baikonur for the tense docking in which Commander Yuri Malenchenko was forced to take manual control. Here is his dispatch from the scence "They say nothing in space flight is routine, and the plan on this mission has changed already. "Apparently unhappy with the approach to the ISS plotted by the automated docking system, Commander Yuri Malenchenko took manual control of the Soyuz and backed the craft back from the station, opting to pilot the ship in himself. "Colonel Malenchenko has about 10,000 hours on a simulator and has done some piloting on previous missions. He is also, of course, an experienced fighter pilot in the Russian airforce - he’s used to tricky manoeuvres. "Chatting through the manoeuvre with ground controllers at Roscosmos’ mission control centre in Korolyov, the headquarters of the Russian space program outside Moscow, Col Malenchenko brought the Soyuz craft back to a position about 100 metres from the station until he could line up with the docking port.

"He then gently guided the craft back to the station, and finally docked with the ISS at 20:34 Baikonur time, somewhere over India." The crew are now checking for leaks before they pressurise the cabin and open the hatch to the ISS. Crosshairs aligned 30m from docking port ESA 17:35 Major Tim Peake arrives at International Space Station following tense docking. After a nail-biting docking, in which Commader Yuri Malenchenko was forced to take control manually, Major Tim Peake arrived at the International Space Station this afternoon. The crew made three attempt to dock before they were able to give the final command. Mission Control confirmed that contact occurred at 5.33pm, around nine minutes later than expected. The crew train extensively for problems with automated docking. Soyuz TMA19M backing away to go for manual docking ESA, Crosshairs aligned 30m from docking port ESA The thrusters firing on the Soyuz TMA19M as it aligns itself for docking ESA 17:15 Docking problems leave crew forced to take control manually, Major Tim Peake was struggling to dock at the International Space Station following a six hour flight. Commader Yuri Malenchenko was heard confirming that he had visual contact with the space station and mission control said that "Crosshairs are aligned" at 25metres a sign that the Soyuz was dead on target.

However just moments later the Soyuz floated past the station and Commander Malenchenko confirmed he had been forced to switch to manual control. After two unsuccessful attempts, mission control said it had lost contact with the craft. The Soyuz was seen floating over the Earth as it closed in on the floating laboratory, lit up by the Sun. The Soyuz has already seen four sunrises today, after orbiting the Earth four times. The final approach to the International Space Station for Soyuz TMA19M ESA The final approach to the International Space Station for Soyuz TMA19M ESA they were 200m from the International Space Station flying 28 800 km/h ESA 17:05 International Space Station comes into view Soyuz prepares for docking. Major Tim Peake is now just minutes away from docking at the International Space Station. The floating lab came into view on the screen of the computer as the Soyuz approached, nearly six hours after take off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. "We have the go to issue the final approach command," mission control told the crew.

Live screenshot from on-board computer as the International Space Station comes into view ESA. 16:50 Major Tim Peake and crew just five miles from International Space Station. Britain's first astronaut Major Tim Peake is now just one mile away from the International Space Station. The Soyuz rocket is due to dock on the floating laboratory at 5.24pmGMT. Mission commader Yuri Malenchenko has been talking to ground control from the module and says everyone on board is 'feeling well.' Once docked it will take around 90 minutes before the crew can board the station. The crew spot the International Space Station on their in-flight computer ESA (From left) Tim Peake, Russian cosmonaut Yuri. Malenchenko and U.S. astronaut Tim Kopra walk to report to members of the State Committee prior to the Dmitry Lovetsky launch. 16:40 Major Tim Peake's mission inspires a generation of British children. Millions of schoolchildren abandoned lessons today to watch Major Tim Peake become Britain's first astronaut in scenes which are likely to inspire a new generation of scientists and engineers. Children at his former school, Chichester High School for Boys, gathered together to watch him set off and cheered as he successfully launched off. Mike Gouldstone who taught Major Peake physics.

"Tim was a bright, charming, hard-working student. He was an excellent team player even in those days, and was of course good at his physics.
" School children pack out the Science Museum in central London to watch Tim Peake's launch into space Nick Edwards reported the Prime Minister also put out a video wishing Major Peake the "best of luck" shortly after he left the ground. Standing in front of a poster declaring "Science is Great", Mr Cameron said: "Tim, I know you have been dreaming of this day for a long time, and we will be with you every step of the way, watching with admiration and wonder. "So on behalf of everyone in Britain, let me wish you the very best of luck. You are doing us proud." In Edinburgh, children gathered to watch the start of Major Peake's mission at the National Museum of Scotland. Children celebrate at the Science Museum in London as crowds gathered in the Science Museum in London to witness the liftoff, with thousands of people including around 2,000 schoolchildren breaking into screams and waving British flags as giant screens set up in the exhibition hall showed the rocket blasting off.

New Propulsion Systems.

Ionocraft This invention relates to improved heavier-than-air aircraft, and more specifically to structures which are capable of either hovering or moving in any direction at high altitudes by means of ionic discharge.

Such Ionocraft may serve as platforms which would be stationed above the earth for long periods of tinge and serve other purposes as will be explained below. The output power from microwave generators, such as magnetrons, coupled with high power capacity amplifier tubes may be beamed to the Ionocraft while airborne or the craft may carry its own power supply. A principal object of the present invention is to provide a novel Ionocraft with space provided by the structure, preferably at the center of the craft, for installation of electronic equipment and for the power plant a crew where used.

The Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle (WEAV) is a heavier than air flight system in development for NASA at the University of Florida.
The aircraft uses electrodes on its undercarriage in order to ionize air, and it then propels the resultant plasma using electromagnets. The high pressure zone created underneath the aircraft is consequently used to create thrust for propulsion and stability. Electro gravities is a hypothesis proposed by Nikola Tesla and Tesla's subsequent extensive experimentation and demonstrations of the effect. The term was in widespread use by 1956. The effects of electro gravity have been searched for extensively in countless experiments since the beginning of the 20th century. To date, other than Tesla's experiments and the more recent ones reported by R. L. Talley, Eugene Podkletnov, and Giovanni Modanese, "no conclusive evidence of electro gravitic signatures has been found". Just recently, some investigation has begun in electro hydrodynamics (EHD) or sometimes electro-fluid-dynamics, a counterpart to the well-known magneto hydrodynamics, but these do not seem a priori to be related to Tesla's "electro gravitics". Electrokinetics is a term used by Thomas Townsend Brown for the electrically generated propulsive force.

The Biefeld–Brown effect was initially investigated by Thomas Townsend Brown (USA) and Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld (Germany) in the 1920s.

Research continued through the 1950s and 1960s by Brown and other researchers. The use of this electrogravitic propulsion effect was further explored during the publicized era of gravity control propulsion research, which included the United States gravity control propulsion initiative. Research, based upon Thomas Townsend Brown's hypotheses, includes the idea that electrogravitics could be used as a means of propulsion for aircraft and spacecraft. Electrogravitic processes use an electric field to charge or, more properly, polarize an object with a specially-constructed shape. Brown's disks, for example, used an "asymmetrical" capacitor, sketches of which can be found in the literature pertaining to the Biefeld–Brown effect.

An ionocraft or ion-propelled aircraft, commonly known as a lifter or hexalifter, is an electro hydrodynamic (EHD) device (utilizing an electrical phenomenon known as the Biefeld–Brown effect) to produce thrust in the air, without requiring any combustion or moving parts. The term "Ionocraft" dates back to the 1960s, an era in which EHD experiments were at their peak. In its basic form, it simply consists of two parallel conductive electrodes, one in the form of a fine wire and another which may be formed of either a wire grid, tubes or foil skirts with a smooth round surface. When such an arrangement is powered up by high voltage in the range of a few kilovolts, it produces thrust. The ionocraft forms part of the EHD thruster family, but is a special case in which the ionisation and accelerating stages are combined into a single stage.

An EHD (electrohydrodynamic) thruster is a propulsion device based on ionic fluid propulsion, that works without moving parts, using only electrical energy.
The principle of ionic (air) propulsion with corona-generated charged particles has been known since the earliest days of the discovery of electricity, with references dating back to year 1709 in a book titled Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects by Francis Hauksbee. The first publicly demonstrated tethered model was developed by Major De Seversky in the form of an Ionocraft, a single stage EHD thruster, in which the thruster lifts itself by propelling air downwards.
De Seversky contributed much to its basic physics and its construction variations during the year 1960 and has in fact patented his device U.S. Patent 3,130,945 , April 28, 1964). Only electric fields are used in this propulsion method. The basic components of an EHD thruster are two: an ioniser and an ion accelerator. Ionocrafts form part of this category, but their energy conversion efficiency is severely limited to less than 1% by the fact that the ioniser and accelerating mechanisms are not independent. Unlike the ionocraft, within an EHD thruster, the air gap in its second stage is not restricted or related to the Corona discharge voltage of its ionising stage. Unlike related propulsion devices, they need a fluid for their operation and cannot operate in space or vacuum. Superconductors expel magnetic field, and hence repel magnets. This repulsion can be stronger than gravity, which leads to levitation - the most fascinating manifestation of superconductivity.

Titan Oceans Just Dive.

Finding Pandora From Earth's environment of one bar pressure. Watery rocks that need osmoses the only requirement is a back pack. This oxygen-facility is key to find some form of tavern type Igloo.
It took Voyager 1 probe over three years to reach Titan, Saturn's Moon. This maybe brought down to less than a year. How did Saturn moon atmosphere form?This view shows a close up of toward the south polar region of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, and show a depression within the moon's orange and blue haze layers near the south pole. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft snapped the image 2011 and it was released.

As NASA's Cassini spacecraft peers through the murk of Titan's thick atmosphere in this view, taken with Cassini's narrow-angle camera is on. This false-color image from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows Titan in ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths. Facts About Saturn's Largest Moon Titan is Saturn's largest moon and the second largest in the solar system (after Ganymede of Jupiter). It is the only moon in the solar system with clouds and a dense, planet-like atmosphere. Scientists believe that conditions on Titan are similar to Earth's early years (the main difference is that, because it is closer to the sun, Earth has always been warmer). According to NASA, "In many respects, Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is one of the most Earth-like worlds we have found to date."

Titan stats Diameter: 3,200 miles (5,150 kilometers), about half the size of Earth and almost as large as Martian Surface and similar temperature except on Mars a human would boil with out a Spacesuit.

minus 290 Fahrenheit (minus 179 degrees Celsius), which makes water as hard as rocks and allows methane to be found in its liquid form Surface pressure: Slightly higher than Earth's pressure. Earth's pressure at sea level is 1 bar while Titan's is 1.6 bars. Orbital period: 15,945 days Other Titan facts Titan's name comes from Greek mythology. The Titans were elder gods who ruled the universe before the Olympians came to power, according to the Theoi Project website. The moon was discovered by Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens in 1655. The Huygens lander probe sent to the moon aboard NASA's Cassini spacecraft by the European Space Agency is named in his honor. Huygens was the first human-built object to land on Titan's surface. Amazing Photos of Titan Titan's diameter is 50 percent larger than that of Earth's moon. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury but is half the mass of the planet. Titan's upland areas are shorter than Earth's. The largest mountains are only a few hundred yards high. Titan's mass is composed mainly of water in the form of ice and rocky material. Titan has no magnetic field.

Atmosphere of Titan Titan is surrounded by an orange haze that kept its surface a mystery for Earth ´s scientists until the arrival of the Cassini mission. Titan's atmosphere extends about 370 miles high (about 600 kilometers), which makes it a lot higher than Earth's atmosphere.
Because the atmosphere is so high, Titan was thought to be the largest moon in the solar system for a long time. It wasn't until 1980 that Voyager was close enough to discover it was actually smaller than Ganymede. Titan's atmosphere is active and complex, and it is mainly composed of nitrogen (95 percent) and methane (5 percent). Titan also has a presence of organic molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen, and that often include oxygen and other elements similar to what is found in Earth's atmosphere and that are essential for life. Is there is an unsolved mystery surrounding Titan's atmosphere: Because methane is broken down by sunlight, scientists believe there is another source that replenishes what is lost. One potential source of methane is volcanic activity, but this has yet to be confirmed. Magic Island There is an abundance of methane lakes, which are mainly concentrated near its southern pole. In 2014, scientists found a transient feature they playfully referred to as "Magic Island." "What I think is really special about Titan is that it has liquid methane and ethane lakes and seas, making it the only other world in the solar system that has stable liquids on its surfaces," Jason Hofgartner, a planetary scientist at Cornell University, told Space Cruiser in 2014.

"It not only has lakes and seas, but also rivers and even rain.
It has what we call a hydrological cycle, and we can study it as an analog to Earth's hydrological cycle and it's the only other place we know of where we can do that." Large areas of Titan's surface are covered with sand dunes made of hydrocarbon. Dunes on Titan may resemble the Namibian desert in Africa. Because methane exists as a liquid on Titan, it also evaporates and forms clouds, which occasionally causes methane rain. Clouds of methane ice and cyanide gas float over the moon's surface. "Titan continues to amaze with natural processes similar to those on the Earth, yet involving materials different from our familiar water," Cassini deputy project scientist Scott Edgington, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in a statement. Sunlight is quite dim on Titan, and climate is driven mostly by changes in the amount of light that accompanies the seasons in future rotation wheel may be two year round trip being supplied.

Data also suggests the presence of a liquid ocean beneath the surface, but it is still to be confirmed.

Tour the Strangest Lakes of Saturn's Moon Titan. As more planets have been found outside of the solar system, Titan has served as a model of cloudy bodies. Examining the atmosphere of the moon has helped scientists to understand the atmospheres of these distant systems. "It turns out that there's a lot you can learn from looking at a sunset," said Tyler Robinson of NASA's Ames Research Center in a statement. Cassini spacecraft at Titan The Cassini spacecraft is currently in the middle of its Solstice mission at Saturn, the second mission for the spacecraft. The probe's primary mission, called Equinox, was aimed at exploring the Saturnian system and ended in June 2008 after four years orbiting the ringed planet. The spacecraft's mission was then extended, with its current Solstice effort expected to last until 2017, when Saturn's solstice takes place — hence its name.

The Cassini spacecraft launched in 1997 and carried the Huygens probe built by the European Space Agency. Huygens was equipped to study Titan by landing on the Saturn moon and achieved astounding results. Future Mission to Saturn's Moon Titan. Cassini arrived in orbit around Saturn in 2004 with the Huygens probe landing via parachute on Jan. 14, 2005. Because of Huygens's observations, Titan became a top priority for scientists.

The mission has achieved excellent results, such as taking the highest resolution images ever achieved of this moon´s surface. During its primary and extended missions, Cassini was able to get fundamental data about Titan's structure and the complex organic chemistry of its atmosphere. It is because of Cassini's findings that scientists suspect the presence of an internal ocean composed of water and ammonia. The focus of the mission, as it relates to Titan, is to find signs of seasonal changes and volcanic activity. Possibilities for life It is thought that conditions on Titan could make the moon more habitable in the far future. If the sun increases its temperature (6 billion years from now) and becomes a red giant star, Titan's temperature could increase enough for stable oceans to exist on the surface, according to some models. If this happens, conditions in Titan could be similar to Earth's, allowing conditions favourable for some forms of life. Life on Titan? Could Saturn's cold moon fascinates scientific experiments on Earth as it suggest that Titan could be more habitable than previously thought, card cut out

Complex organic chemicals once thought to hover high in the atmosphere may lie closer to the surface than estimated. "Scientists previously thought that as we got closer to the surface of Titan, the moon's atmospheric chemistry was basically inert and dull," Murthy Gudipati, the paper's lead author at JPL, said in a statement. "Our experiment shows that's not true. The same kind of light that drives biological chemistry on Earth's surface could also drive chemistry on Titan, even though Titan receives far less light from the sun and is much colder. 
Titan is not a sleeping giant in the lower atmosphere, but at least half awake in its chemical activity." NASA's Cassini Solstice Mission Planetary Society: Probing Titan's Atmosphere European Space Agency: Cassini-Huygens. Latest on Titan: Facts About Saturn's Largest Moon. Inside Cassini's Multi-Year Saturn Mission (Infographic) Cassini Watches Enceladus Fizz Into Space. Saturn's Moon Dione: Photos from Cassini's Final Close Flyby 'Its Rings' On Saturn Moon Titan Suggest Dynamic Seas. NASA Funds Titan Submarine, Other Far-Out Space Exploration Ideas. Pluto Flyby May Reveal Secrets of Saturn's Moon Titan. Cassini Captures Breathtaking View of Saturn's Dione. Saturn's Moon Titan Has Polar Winds, Just Like Earth. Alien Life on Oily Exoplanets Could Have Ether-based 'DNA' New Technique Shines Light on Titan, Largest Moon of Saturn Cassini Spacecraft Sees Saturn Moon Rhea in Eye-Popping Color. How Humans Could Live on Saturn's Moon Titan Info-graphic.